I lived in northeast Thailand - Pak Isan - for many years...Korat, Khon Kaen, and Sisaket. Where are your from, when are you going, where are you living, and for how long? And what do you enjoy doing? All important questions to answer before I can give appropriate advice.
In the meantime, you are going to need more than a week to travel around Thailand. Also buy the Lonely Planet guidebook for more details than I can give here.
Cheap flights - my favorite is Air Asia, but there are many other discount airlines.
Places to go - just read travelblogs by others who have traveled around Thailand to get a good overview. In the northeast there are Khmer ruins at Pimai (hour north or Korat) and Phnom Rung (hour southeast of Korat), and the Khao Yai National Park (hour west of Korat) for starters. I also lived in Chiang Mai and Travelblog can tell you everything to do there and in the area. As for islands in the south, you can fly directly from Chiang Mai to Phuket in the Indian Ocean in a couple hours for a few dollars rather than take two days by bus, train, and boat; especially if you have little time. From Phuket (Patong is wild, but there are other nice beaches on this large island) you can easily get boats to Phi Phi (of "The Beach" fame, but overrun with backpackers although expensive, and a party scene), Railay Beach (very beautiful beaches, but somewhat expensive for backpackers), and Ko Lanta (very laid back and less people). In the Gulf of Siam (Thailand) is Ko Samui (developed and more resorts), Ko Phangan (Full Moon Party), and Ko Tao (diving...good palce to get PADI)
Experiences and travel around the country - again, refer to Travelblogs about Thailand and the pros and cons of bus, train, and air travel.
Costs - very cheap for basic accommodations and food (<$25/day), cheap for better accommodations and food(<$50/day). Cheap for travel. Cheap for entertainment. What did you have in mind for a daily budget?
Visa - if you fly into the country you get 30 days upon entry. By land you get 15. If you need more you must get your visa
from a Thai consulate - a non-immigrant visa for example is good for 90 days. You can renew a visa by going over the border...but only 15 days if reentering by land.
Vaccinations - none required. Malaria pills are not recommended for long stays and prolonged use.
Backpackers hotspots - Khao San Rd in Bangkok and Ko Phangan for the Full Moon Party.
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